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AIX Operating System
IBM AIX X-Windows
User's Guide
Chapter 2. AIX X-Windows Commands
2.0 Chapter 2. AIX X-Windows Commands, Chapter 2,
sections 7-12
2.7 keycomp
2.7.1 Keycomp Source
File
2.7.2 Keycomp Source
File Items
2.7.3 Keycomp Source
File Control Statements
2.8 X
2.9 xclock
2.9.1 .Xdefaults
Keywords
2.10 xhost
2.11 xinit
2.12 xopen
2.12.1 .Xdefaults
Keywords
2.7 keycomp
Purpose Reads a textual description of the
keyboard and produces a binary keymap file.
Syntax
PICTURE 13
Description
The keycomp command
reads a textual description of the keyboard and produces a binary keymap
file. The keymap file is used to translate keystrokes into character
strings. For more information on the keymap file, see "Keyboard Specification"
in topic 2.3.3.
The keycomp command supports the full range of HFT keyboard
mapping, including the Alt Graphic shift state, on non-U.S. keyboards only.
You can use keycomp to define diacritical keys (dead keys).
The code-point combinations that produce the actual diacritical characters
are predefined and cannot be changed using keycomp. The pre-defined
combinations are listed in the data stream section of the AIX Operating
System Technical Reference.
Seven different states are supported in the base keymap
files. Additional states are either mapped to single states or defined
as UNBOUND (return nothing) for the keymap
files.
2.7.1 Keycomp Source File
The input file to keycomp consists of one or more lines,
each beginning with an octal, decimal, or hexadecimal number designating
an X-Windows keysym value. (A keysym is a symbol that has been engraved
on a keyboard key.) Items follow the keysym, each representing the
binding for a particular combination of the Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Lock, and
Alt Graphic keys. Items on the line are separated by a space.
If only one item is present on a line, it represents the
binding for this keysym regardless of the position of the shift keys.
The first 16 states are required in the source file. If more than
16, but fewer than 32 states are provided, the last state is extended to
all the missing states up to state 32.
The bindings of items are made in the order defined below:
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
¦ Table 2-1. Keycomp
¦
+------------------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #1 ¦ Base state; no Ctrl,
Alt, Shift, Lock, or Alt Graphic ¦
¦ ¦ down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #2 ¦ Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #3 ¦ Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #4 ¦ Lock and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #5 ¦ Ctrl down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #6 ¦ Ctrl and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #7 ¦ Ctrl and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #8 ¦ Ctrl, Lock, and Shift
down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #9 ¦ Alt down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #10 ¦ Alt and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #11 ¦ Alt and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #12 ¦ Alt, Lock, and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #13 ¦ Alt and Ctrl down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #14 ¦ Alt, Ctrl, and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #15 ¦ Alt, Ctrl, and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #16 ¦ Alt, Ctrl, Lock, and Shift
down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #17 ¦ Alt Graphic down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #18 ¦ Alt Graphic and Shift
down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #19 ¦ Alt Graphic and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #20 ¦ Alt Graphic, Lock, and
Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #21 ¦ Alt Graphic and Ctrl down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #22 ¦ Alt Graphic, Ctrl, and
Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #23 ¦ Alt Graphic, Ctrl, and
Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #24 ¦ Alt Graphic, Ctrl, Lock,
and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #25 ¦ Alt Graphic and Alt down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #26 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, and
Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #27 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, and
Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #28 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, Lock,
and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #29 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, and
Ctrl down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #30 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, Ctrl,
and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #31 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, Ctrl,
and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #32 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, Ctrl,
Lock, and Shift down
¦
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
2.7.2 Keycomp Source File
Items
Each item should be one of the following:
An octal, decimal or hexadecimal number, indicating
a keysym.
A C character literal surrounded by single quotes.
Escape sequences
(such as \252)
are allowed.
A C string literal surrounded by double quotes.
Standard C escape
sequences are allowed within the string.
The letter U, indicating no binding. If there
is no binding,
XLookupMapping
returns an empty string for this key combination.
The string format "Dnn."
to define a key position as a diacritical
key. There are 15 pre-defined
diacritical keys. XLookupMapping
combines a specified diacritical
key with the following key pressed
to determine the actual code point
to be returned. The code point
returned is based on the pre-defined
diacritical lookup table.
Strings "D01"
through "D15" are not allowed for keycomp.
A comma can, but does not need to, follow each item.
A space or tab must separate the items, regardless of whether a comma follows
each item. A \ (backslash) after an item indicates that the item
list is continued on the next line. The \ should not be enclosed
in single or double quotes.
Blank lines are ignored, as are lines beginning with a
# character (except control statements). All text between # and the
following line, including \, is ignored unless # is part of a string enclosed
in single or double quotes. This allows you to place comments at
the end of a line that contains only a single item.
The keycomp command can identify function key strings and
compress these within the keymap file. The set of function key strings
is defined in the keyboard section of AIX Operating System Technical Reference.
The source must specify the exact string to be returned.
See the files /usr/include/X11/AIXkeymap.h
and /usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h
for a list of keysyms and key names of function keys.
2.7.3 Keycomp Source File
Control Statements
Control statements recognized by keycomp:
1. #S Control Statement
Lines starting with #S in the
first column define which states are defined within the keycomp table.
This statement allows the states not being used to be compressed out of
the keymap file. If this line is not specified, it is assumed that
all states are built into the table. All states must be coded in
the source file.
The states not included in #S are
UNBOUND and return nothing unless remapped to another state (see the #M
control statement).
The keycomp object file provides
a state_mapping_table to map
keyboard-state flags to indexes in the table. The state_mapping_table
maps the state detail of a KeyPressed
event from an X Server to an index within the keymap table.
Following #S is a series of numbers
representing the states defined in Table 2-1 in topic 2.7.1. The
states provided are built into the table in the order in which they are
defined.
For example, the Alt key is normally
mapped to index 9 in the keymap file. With the following definition:
#S
1 2 3 5 9 17
the Alt key is mapped to index
5 because state #9 is the fifth state in the #S statement.
2. #M Control Statement
Lines starting with #M in the
first column define mapping of states to an index within the keymap table.
This statement allows specification of a state hierarchy as defined for
the RT and allows mapping of multiple states to a single state. For
example, the #M statement enables Ctrl-Shift keys to be mapped to Ctrl
keys.
The format of a #M line is:
#M
STATE s1 s2 ... sn
where states s1, s2, ... sn are
mapped to state STATE. STATE is a base state depending on the #S
specifications.
The #M line must follow all #S
lines. Multiple #M lines can be specified but must be specified after
the #S statement.
For example, the following line:
#M
9 10 12
maps the Alt-Shift and Alt-Lock-Shift
states to Alt.
To be compatible with Keyboard Description and Character
Reference, keyboard files supplied with X-Windows contain the following
control statements:
#S 1 2 3 4 5
9 17
#M 5 6 7 8 13
14 15 16 21 22 23 24 29 30 31 32
#M 9 10 11 12
25 26 27 28
#M 17 18 19 20
Flags
<infile
Specifies a source file to be compiled by keycomp.
>outfile
Specifies the name of the keymap file to be created.
Files
/usr/include/X11/AIXkeymap.h
/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h
2.8 X
Purpose Starts the X Server.
Syntax
PICTURE 14
Description
The X Server is a display server that runs on computers
with bitmapped terminals. (The X Server command does not run on the
S/370 system.) The X Server distributes user input to and accepts
output requests from programs located either on the host system or on systems
connected to it through a network.
Unless you specify otherwise, only programs running on
the host system can interact with the display. To allow another system
to use your display, you must define that system to a specific X Server
with the xhost command. For more information on the xhost command, see
"xhost" in topic 2.10.
After the X Server is initialized, it sends unix:? AIX
X-Windows to standard output, where ? is the display number. This
string is used by the xinit command to set the default DISPLAY
environment
variable.
The X Server and all windows opened from it can be terminated
with Ctrl-Alt-Backspace.
Remote windows usually display an error message concerning a broken connection
before they terminate.
The X Server logs messages in the file /tmp/.X11-unix/X?,
where ? is the display number.
X Flags
The following flags have default values supplied with
the program:
-a num
Specifies the acceleration. The default
is 4. The acceleration is a multiplier for mouse movement.
For example, specifying 4 causes the cursor to move four times as
fast as the mouse. The specified value must be a positive value greater
than zero.
-bp color
Specifies a Blackpixel color for the display.
Generally, the Blackpixel value corresponds to the background color.
The default depends on the display.
-c num
Specifies key click volume (RT
Only!). The default is -1 or medium. Values supported
are:
0
off
1 - 33 low
-1 or 34 - 66 medium
67 - 100 high
-D file
Full path name of the color definition database
file The default is /usr/lpp/X11/rgb/rgb.
Refer to "dbm" in the IBM
RT AIX Operating System Technical Reference.
-f num
Specifies the beep volume (RT
Only!). The default is -1 or medium. The supported
values are the same as those supported for the -c num flag.
-fc font
Specifies the cursor font for cursor glyphs and
cursor masks. The default depends on the operating system and the
display.
-fn font
Specifies text font used as default text font.
Default depends on operating system and display.
-fp font
Specifies the path for fonts. The default
depends on the operating system and the display.
-m
Specifies the
use of monochrome display characteristics. (RT
only)
-n :num
Specifies the connection number. Valid
values for num are 0 to 255. The default is the next available number.
num
is used by programs to communicate with a specific X Server.
For example, the command: X -n
:18 specifies that communication to the activated X Server
takes place by unix:18 or by hostname:18.
-p num
Specifies the screen saver interval.
This flag is used with the -s
(screen saver timeout) flag to control the blanking of the screen.
-r
Disables auto repeat.
The default is auto repeat enabled.
-s num
Specifies the number of minutes to wait
until making the display blank. The default is 10 minutes.
A specified value must be a number greater than zero.
-t num
Specifies the mouse threshold.
The default is 2 pixels. Acceleration takes effect only if the mouse is
moved more than the mouse threshold in one time interval and only applies
to the amount beyond the threshold.
-to num
Specifies the number of minutes to elapse
between connection checks. The default is 60 minutes. A specified
value must be a positive number greater than zero.
-T
Disables the
Ctrl-Alt-Backspace
key sequence that, by default, terminates the X Server and all windows
opened from it.
-v
Replaces the
display with the current background color, after the amount of time specified
by the -s flag. By default,
if the -v flag is not specified,
the entire display is painted with the background tile after the amount
of time specified by -s.
On color displays, random foreground and background colors are also used.
-wp color
Specifies a Whitepixel color for the display. Generally,
the Whitepixel color corresponds to the foreground color. The default
depends on the display.
2.9 xclock
Purpose Continuously displays the current time of day.
Syntax
PICTURE 15
Description
The xclock command gets the time from the system clock.
This time is displayed and updated by X-Windows in the form of either a
digital or an analog clock.
xclock Flags
-analog
Sets analog display
mode. Draws a conventional 12-hour clock face with ticks for each
minute and stroke marks on each hour. The default is digital mode.
-b num
Specifies the width
in pixels of padding white space between the window border and anything
xclock displays. The default is 10 in digital mode and 2 in analog
mode.
-bd color
Specifies the border
color on color displays. The default is black.
-bg color
Specifies the color
of the background on color displays. The default is white.
-bw num
Specifies the width
in pixels of the border. The default is 1.
-chime
Specifies the sounding
of a chime every 60 minutes on the hour. The default is off or zero.
-digital
Sets digital display
mode. Displays date and time in digital form.
-display name:number
Identifies the host
name and display number where the clock is to run. Normally the host
name and display number are found in the environment variable DISPLAY.
Refer to "Display Specification" in topic 2.3.5.
-fg color
Determines the color
of the text and tick marks on color displays. The default is black.
-fn font
Specifies a font for
use instead of the default font. Any fixed-width font can be used.
The default is Rom14.500.
-geometry geometry
Specifies the location
and dimensions of the window. The default setting is -0-0.
For more information, refer to "Geometry Specification" in topic 2.3.2.
-hd color
Specifies the color
of the hands in analog mode on color displays. The default is black.
-hl color
Specifies the highlight
color. For example, the outline of the hands of the analog clock
can be highlighted with this color. The default is black.
-rv
Reverses foreground
and background colors.
-update sec
Specifies the frequency
in seconds with which xclock updates its display. If the xclock window
is obscured and then exposed, xclock overrides this and redisplays immediately.
The default update frequency is 60 seconds. The specification of
an update frequency greater than 30 seconds disables the display of the
second hand in analog mode.
2.9.1 .Xdefaults Keywords
Keywords used with the xclock command. (Example default
file /usr/lpp/X11/defaults)
background
Specifies the color of the background on color
displays.
bodyFont
Specifies a font to use instead of default
font.
border
Determines the color of the highlighted border
on color displays.
borderWidth
Specifies the width of the window border in
pixels.
foreground
Determines the color of the text and tick marks
on color displays.
geometry
Specifies the location or dimensions of the window.
For more information about geometry, see
"Geometry Specification" in topic 2.3.2.
hands
Determines the color of the hands in the analog
clock on color displays.
highlight
Determines the color of the outline of the hands
in the analog clock on color displays.
internalBorder
For the xclock command in analog mode, specifies an inner
border (the distance between
characters and the window's border) in pixels.
mode
Specifies whether the xclock command starts a digital
or analog clock by default.
reverseVideo
Reverses the foreground and background color.
update
Specifies the frequency in seconds with which xclock updates
its display.
For more information on these keywords, see "Changing X-Windows
Defaults" in topic 3.3.
2.10 xhost
Purpose Controls who can have access to X-Windows
on the current host machine.
Syntax
PICTURE 16
Description
The xhost command adds and
deletes hosts on the list of machines from which the X Server accepts connections.
Note that you must switch to the X Server window and then back to the original
window if running X Server and xhost on the same terminal. The xhost
command will not work unless a client is using the server (examples of
clients are aixterm, xclock, and aixwm).
This command must be executed on the machine to which the
display is connected. You can remove a host from the access list
by using the -host option. Do
not remove the current host from the access list. If you do, you must log
off the system before making any corrections.
Entering xhost with no arguments shows the names of the
hosts allowed to access your X Server.
To enable a remote host by default, the host can be defined
in the file /etc/X?.hosts (? is the
display number to which you enable access).
For example, the display norma:0
can be accessed by systems defined in the file /etc/X0.hosts
on a system that uses the default host name of norma. In both the display
name and the file name, 0 indicates the number of the display that the
defined remote systems are allowed to access through X-Windows.
xhost Flags
+host
Specifies a host node ID number and adds the host to the
X-Windows access list. (Same as the host option; the + is optional.)
-host
Specifies a host node ID number and deletes a host from
the X-Windows access list.
2.11 xinit
Purpose Starts an X Server with a single command.
Syntax
PICTURE 17
Description
The xinit command is a shell script that can be customized
to include any commands you need and to open as many windows as you need.
The xinit command starts the
X Server, an aixterm window, and an aixwm window manager. This command
can be entered from the AIX command line or as a user's login command specified
in the /etc/passwd file.
If xinit is used as a login command in /etc/passwd,
the user is automatically logged into X-Windows.
xinit performs the following operations:
Executes the user's profile, depending on the -L option
Starts an X Server, except on the S/370 system, on
the default display
Sets up the DISPLAY environment variable
Sets up the XPROTO environment variable to be X11
Starts the aixwm command
Starts the aixterm command.
xinit uses the SHELL
environment variable to start the command within aixterm.
If xinit is the login program
invoked or if xinit is invoked from /dev/console,
a new virtual terminal is opened and an X Server is started on the new
virtual terminal. Terminating the initial terminal window automatically
terminates the X Server.
xinit Flags
-L
Specifies that xinit
be used as the login program and that the user profile in ($HOME/.profile)
be read and executed. Otherwise the profile is assumed to be set
up.
-X_options
Specifies any valid X options that do not conflict with
aixterm_options.
aixterm_options Specifies
any one of the three valid aixterm options:
-geometry
-e
-n
These options are passed to the aixterm command, which opens the initial
window. These options allow the customization of the location, size,
and contents of the initial window.
The default for -geometry is 80x12+0-0.
You use the -e option to execute
an initial command within the login window. For example, the following
line in /etc/passwd starts
X-Windows with &dosnames.
as the login shell:
/usr/bin/xinit -L -e /bin/dos
-X10
Specifies that the IBM RT X-Windows Version 1.1 X Server
should be invoked. This must be the first option passed to xinit.
(IBM RT X-Windows Version 1.1 must be installed for this option to work.
RT
only)
2.12 xopen
Purpose Opens a full-screen window (virtual terminal)
and monitors it.
Syntax
PICTURE 18
The xopen command monitors the full-screen
window as follows:
A virtual terminal is opened for the full-screen application.
An icon window is created in the X-Windows display
for the full-screen
application.
Moving the cursor to the icon window and clicking
any button on the
mouse activates the full-screen
application's virtual terminal.
When the full-screen application ends, the icon window
is removed from
the X-Windows display.
Note: xopen does
not work on a remote system.
xopen Flags
-cmd
Specifies a command to be executed within the full screen
window. Any number of valid command arguments can also be entered.
-display name:number
Identifies the host name and display number where xopen
is to run.
-geometry geometry
Specifies the location of the icon window. The default
location is that of the locator cursor. Values for width and height are
not used if they are not specified.
-ib file
Specifies the name of an icon bitmap file to be used instead
of the default icon bitmap file. This file, assumed to be in bitmap format,
is read and the resulting bitmap file is used as the icon bitmap file.
See /usr/include/X11/bitmaps
for a sample bitmap file.
-m
Turns off monitoring of the virtual terminal. The
icon is not displayed in the window and no monitor process is created.
(RT only)
-n name
Provides a window name. If no name is provided,
the command name is the window name.
2.12.1 .Xdefaults Keywords
Default keywords used with the xopen
command (Example file is /usr/lpp/X11/defaults.)
geometry
Specifies the placement of the icon window.
iconBitmap
Specifies the icon bitmap file to use instead of the default
icon bitmap file.
monitor
If false, turns off the monitoring of the virtual terminal.
For more information about these keywords, see "Changing
X-Windows Defaults" in topic 3.3.
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